. 甚高頻全向信標(biāo) /儀表著陸系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)提供飛機(jī)相對(duì)于一個(gè)選定的 VOR臺(tái)的磁方位及飛機(jī)與預(yù)選航道的偏離顯示信號(hào)。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)儀表著陸系統(tǒng)的頻率時(shí)，此系統(tǒng)顯示飛機(jī)與最佳著陸路徑在水平及垂直方向上的偏差。

. 測距機(jī)——此系統(tǒng)用來測量飛機(jī)與選定的 DME設(shè)備的斜距。

. 空中交通管制——此系統(tǒng)發(fā)射飛機(jī)識(shí)別碼及高度信號(hào)給地面設(shè)備。

. 大氣數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)測量皮托管壓力、靜壓及空氣總溫并計(jì)算出不同的大氣數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)。

. 慣性基準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)輸出例如像航向、高度及飛機(jī)當(dāng)前位置等關(guān)鍵導(dǎo)航參數(shù)。

. 電子飛行儀表系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)提供飛機(jī)各系統(tǒng)不同系統(tǒng)的顯示。

. 氣象雷達(dá)——此系統(tǒng)提供飛機(jī)前方氣象狀況的顯示，并能進(jìn)行地圖顯示。

. 低空無線電高度表——此系統(tǒng)測量飛機(jī)與地球表面的絕對(duì)高度。

. 近地警告系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)通過其它系統(tǒng)的輸入引導(dǎo)飛機(jī)并提供最佳參數(shù)選定的飛行計(jì)劃。

. 飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)用音響或視覺警告給飛行員相對(duì)于地球表面不安全的飛行路徑。

. 指點(diǎn)信標(biāo)——此系統(tǒng)提供當(dāng)飛機(jī)飛經(jīng)一個(gè)特定的位置時(shí)進(jìn)行指示。

. 警告及防撞系統(tǒng)——此系統(tǒng)為飛行員提供在此區(qū)域內(nèi)相對(duì)于其它飛機(jī)處在不安全的情況下提供警告及建議。

(2) Previously, airplanes were navigated by flying from station to station along the route from the airplane’s origin to destination. The pitot used distance measuring equipment(DME), VHF omnirange (VOR)and automatic direction finder(ADF) to fly to each station. With the advent of

inertial navigation system(INS), it became possible to fly a more direct route from origin to destinatin. A direct, great circle route is highly desirable because of potential fuel and time savings. Because of possible position errors in inertial systems the pitot is required to verify the inertial position with the DOME, VOR and ADF system. The computations required to verify the inertial position are lengthy and time consuming and are much more suited to an onboard computer. Also, since the airplane is not on a course to a nearby station but on a direct course to a distant destination, the computations are move complex.

(3) The flight management computer system (FMCS) continuously calculates the optimum flight path and engine thrust to save time and fuel. During takeoff, the FMCS provides optimized thrust setting for takeoff based on gross weight of the airplane and outside temperature. During climb, the FMCS provides optimized climb profiles by predicting both opimum altitude and cruise speeds.further, the FMCS provides projections of top of climb and step climbs. During cruise, the FMCS optimizes descents by predicting top of descent speeds are targeted to make maximum utilization of the potential energy of the airplane.

飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)繼續(xù)計(jì)算最佳的飛行路徑及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力，以節(jié)省時(shí)間和燃油。在起飛期間，飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)飛機(jī)總重及外界溫度為飛機(jī)起飛提供最佳的推力設(shè)置。在爬升階段，飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)通過預(yù)測最佳姿態(tài)及巡航速度來提供最佳的爬升剖面。更進(jìn)一步的，飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)提供爬升到頂?shù)挠?jì)劃及分段爬升。在巡航階段，飛行管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)在導(dǎo)航數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上通過預(yù)測下降頂端來優(yōu)化下降。在整個(gè)下降階段，下降速度是