時間：2011-04-18 00:50來源：藍天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次
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Departure Procedures 5.2.5 a. Why are DPs necessary? The primary reason is to provide obstacle clearance protection information to pilots. A secondary reason, at busier airports, is to increase efficiency and reduce communications and departure delays through the use of SIDs. When an in-strument approach is initially developed for an airport, the need for DPs is assessed. The procedure designer conducts an obstacle analysis to support de-parture operations. If an aircraft may turn in any direction from a runway within the limits of the as-sessment area (see paragraph 5.2.8b3) and remain clear of obstacles, that runway passes what is called a diverse departure assessment and no ODP will be published. A SID may be published if needed for air traffic control purposes. However, if an obstacle pen-etrates what is called the 40:1 obstacle identification surface, then the procedure designer chooses whether to: 1.Establish a steeper than normal climb gradi-ent; or 2.Establish a steeper than normal climb gradi-ent with an alternative that increases takeoff minima to allow the pilot to visually remain clear of the ob-stacle(s); or 3.Design and publish a specific departure route; or 4. A combination or all of the above. b. What criteria is used to provide obstruction clearance during departure? 1. Unless specified otherwise, required obstacle clearance for all departures, including diverse, is based on the pilot crossing the departure end of the runway at least 35 feet above the departure end of run-way elevation, climbing to 400 feet above the departure end of runway elevation before making the initial turn, and maintaining a minimum climb gradi-ent of 200 feet per nautical mile (FPNM), unless required to level off by a crossing restriction, until the minimum IFR altitude. A greater climb gradient may be specified in the DP to clear obstacles or to achieve an ATC crossing restriction. If an initial turn higher than 400 feet above the departure end of runway elevation is specified in the DP, the turn should be commenced at the higher altitude. If a turn is speci-fied at a fix, the turn must be made at that fix. Fixes may have minimum and/or maximum crossing alti-tudes that must be adhered to prior to passing the fix. In rare instances, obstacles that exist on the extended runway centerline may make an “early turn” more de-sirable than proceeding straight ahead. In these cases, the published departure instructions will include the language “turn left(right) as soon as practicable.” These departures will also include a ceiling and visi-bility minimum of at least 300 and 1. Pilots encountering one of these DPs should preplan the climb out to gain altitude and begin the turn as quickly as possible within the bounds of safe operating prac-tices and operating limitations. This type of departure procedure is being phased out. NOTE. “Practical” or “feasible” may exist in some existing de-parture text instead of “practicable.” 2.ODPs and SIDs assume normal aircraft per-formance, and that all engines are operating. Development of contingency procedures, required to cover the case of an engine failure or other emergency in flight that may occur after liftoff, is the responsibility of the operator. (More detailed information on this subject is available in Advisory Circular AC 120.91, Airport Obstacle Analysis, and in the “Departure Procedures” section of chapter 2 in the Instrument Procedures Handbook, FAA.H.8261.1.)3.The 40:1 obstacle identification surface (OIS) begins at the departure end of runway (DER) and slopes upward at 152 FPNM until reaching the minimum IFR altitude or entering the en route struc-ture. This assessment area is limited to 25 NM from the airport in nonmountainous areas and 46 NM in designated mountainous areas. Beyond this distance, the pilot is responsible for obstacle clearance if not operating on a published route, if below (having not reached) the MEA or MOCA of a published route, or an ATC assigned altitude. See FIG 5.2.1. (Ref 14 CFR 91.177 for further information on en route alti-tudes.)NOTE. ODPs are normally designed to terminate within these dis-tance limitations, however, some ODPs will contain routes that may exceed 25/46 NM; these routes will insure obstacle protection until reaching the end of the ODP. 5.2.6 Departure Procedures FIG 5.2.1 Diverse Departure Obstacle Assessment to 25/46 NM 4.Obstacles that are located within 1 NM of the DER and penetrate the 40:1 OCS are referred to as “low, close.in obstacles.” The standard required obstacle clearance (ROC) of 48 feet per NM to clear these obstacles would require a climb gradient greater than 200 feet per NM for a very short distance, only until the aircraft was 200 feet above the DER. To eliminate publishing an excessive climb gradient, the obstacle AGL/MSL height and location relative to the DER is noted in the “Take.off Minimums and (OBSTACLE) Departure Procedures” section of a given Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) book-let. The purpose of this note is to identify the obstacle(s) and alert the pilot to the height and loca-tion of the obstacle(s) so they can be avoided. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways, e.g., the pilot may be able to see the obstruction and maneuver around the obstacle(s) if necessary; early liftoff/climb performance may allow the aircraft to cross well above the obstacle(s); or if the obstacle(s) cannot be visually acquired during departure, preflight plan-ning should take into account what turns or other maneuver may be necessary immediately after takeoff to avoid the obstruction(s). 5.Climb gradients greater than 200 FPNM are specified when required to support procedure design constraints, obstacle clearance, and/or airspace re-strictions. Compliance with a climb gradient for these purposes is mandatory when the procedure is part of the ATC clearance, unless increased takeoff minim-ums are provided and weather conditions allow compliance with these minimums. Additionally, ATC required crossing restrictions may also require climb gradients greater than 200 FPNM. These climb gradi-ents may be amended or canceled at ATC’s discretion. Multiple ATC climb gradients are permitted. An ATC climb gradient will not be used on an ODP. |
