直升機飛行手冊 Helicopter Flying Handbook

時間：2014-11-09 12:30來源：FAA 作者：直升機翻譯 點擊：次

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Common Errors
1. Failing to maintain proper rpm during the entire approach.
2. Improper use of the collective in controlling the angle of descent.
3. Failing to make antitorque pedal corrections to compensate for collective changes during the approach.
4. Maintaining a constant airspeed on final approach instead of an apparent brisk walk.
5. Failing to simultaneously arrive at hovering altitude and attitude with zero groundspeed.
6. Low rpm in transition to the hover at the end of the approach.
7. Using too much aft cyclic close to the surface, which may result in tail rotor strikes.
8. Failure to crab above 100’AGL and slip below 100’AGL.
Normal Approach to the Surface
A normal approach to the surface or a no-hover landing is often used if loose snow or dusty surface conditions exist. These situations could cause severely restricted visibility, or the engine could possibly ingest debris when the helicopter comes to a hover. The approach is the same as the normal approach to a hover; however, instead of terminating at a hover, continue the approach to touchdown. Touchdown should occur with the skids level, zero groundspeed, and a rate of descent approaching zero.
Technique
As the helicopter nears the surface, increase the collective, as necessary, to cushion the landing on the surface, terminate in a skids-level attitude with no forward movement.
Common Errors
1. Terminating to a hover, and then making a vertical landing.
2. Touching down with forward movement.
3. Approaching too slow, requiring the use of excessive power during the termination.
4. Approaching too fast, causing a hard landing
5. Not maintaining skids aligned with direction of travel at touchdown. Any movement or misalignment of the skids or gear can induce dynamic rollover
Crosswind During Approaches
During a crosswind approach, crab into the wind. At approximately 50 feet of altitude, use a slip to align the fuselage with the ground track. The rotor is tilted into the wind with cyclic pressure so that the sideward movement of the helicopter and wind drift counteracts each other. Maintain the heading and ground track with the antitorque pedals. Under crosswind approaches, ground track is always controlled by the cyclic movement. The heading of the helicopter in hovering maneuvers is always controlled by the pedals. The collective controls power, which is altitude at a hover. This technique should be used on any type of crosswind approach, whether it is a shallow, normal, or steep approach.
Go-Around
A go-around is a procedure for remaining airborne after an intended landing is discontinued. A go-around may be necessary when:
. Instructed by the control tower.
. Traffic conflict occurs.
. The helicopter is in a position from which it is not safe to continue the approach. Any time an approach is uncomfortable, incorrect, or potentially dangerous, abandon the approach. The decision to make a go-around should be positive and initiated before a critical situation develops. When the decision is made, carry it out without hesitation. In most cases, when initiating the go-around, power is at a low setting. Therefore, the first response is to increase collective to takeoff power. This movement is coordinated with the throttle to maintain rpm, and with the proper antitorque pedal to control heading. Then, establish a climb attitude and maintain climb speed to go around for another approach.
Chapter Summary
This chapter introduced basic flight maneuvers and the techniques to perform each of them. Common errors and why they happen were also described to help the pilot achieve a better understanding of the maneuver.
Reconnaissance Procedures
When planning to land or take off at an unfamiliar site, gather as much information as possible about the area. Reconnaissance techniques are ways of gathering this information.

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